The sources below support the case study and the ethical, legal, and social analysis. This website uses APA-style author–date in-text citations; each citation corresponds to an entry below. Web sources are linked so readers can consult the original material.
- Dastin, J. (2018, October 10). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters. Read the Reuters report ↗
- U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Read Title VII ↗
- U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2023). Select Issues: Assessing Adverse Impact in Software, Algorithms, and Artificial Intelligence Used in Employment Selection Procedures Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Read EEOC guidance ↗
- Tabassi, E. (2023). Artificial intelligence risk management framework (AI RMF 1.0) (NIST AI 100-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Read the framework ↗
- Raghavan, M., Barocas, S., Kleinberg, J., & Levy, K. (2020). Mitigating bias in algorithmic hiring: Evaluating claims and practices. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 469–481. Read the research paper ↗
Research note: Amazon’s recruiting tool was experimental and was abandoned. This project does not claim that a court found Amazon liable for discrimination over this particular tool. The NIST AI Risk Management Framework is voluntary guidance, while Title VII is federal law.
Generative AI Use Disclosure: Generative AI tools were used to assist with website development, organizing project content, and refining presentation. I reviewed the material, evaluated the information and sources, and took responsibility for the final project. AI was used as an aid to the learning process, not as a substitute for understanding the ethical issues discussed.